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Upstream: This refers to the exploration, development, and production of crude oil and natural gas. It involves activities like seismic surveys, drilling, and well completion.
Downstream: This encompasses the refining of crude oil into petroleum products, the transportation and distribution of these products, and the marketing and sale of refined products.

Oil and gas exploration involves a series of steps, including:
Seismic Surveys: Using sound waves to create images of underground rock formations.
Geophysical data analysis: Interpreting seismic data and other geological information to identify potential oil and gas reservoirs.
Drilling exploratory wells: Testing the presence of oil or gas in identified formations.

Common methods include:
Conventional drilling: Using a drill bit to extract oil and gas from underground reservoirs.
Hydraulic fracturing (fracking): Injecting water, sand, and chemicals into shale formations to increase production.
Offshore drilling: Extracting oil and gas from beneath the ocean floor.

Environmental risks include: Oil spills: Accidental releases of oil into the environment.
Air pollution: Emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants.
Water pollution: Contamination of groundwater and surface water.
Habitat destruction: Impacts on wildlife and ecosystems.

The refining process involves separating crude oil into its various components, such as gasoline, diesel fuel, heating oil, and petrochemicals. This is done through a series of physical and chemical processes, including distillation, cracking, and reforming.